Orange peel fragment improves antioxidant capacity and haematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress

This study evaluated the ability of orange peel fragment (OPF) to act as a functional feedstuff, influencing growth, haematological profile, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nile tilapia subjected heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress (HDOIS). A group of 440 male Nile tilapia (31.7 g ± 0.34) was randomly distributed in 40 250‐L aquaria (11 fish/tank) and fed five practical diets with graded levels of OPF at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% for 70 days. The diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 18 MJ/kg crude energy. After the feeding period, growth performance was evaluated and six fish per treatment were sampled for haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity, before and after HDOIS. Then, fish were subjected to HDOIS (32°C/2.3 mg/L dissolved oxygen) for three days and the same haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined. There was no effect of OPF on the haematological profile, either before or after HDOIS. The polynomial regression model was used to express the relationship between antioxidant enzymes activity and OPF supplementation level. The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase was reached at 0.66%, 0.63%, and 0.68% of OPF respectively. Results of the present study suggest that a dietary supplementation level of 0.63%–0.68% of orange peel fragment was appropriate to maintain Nile tilapia haematological profile and improve its antioxidant capacity under HDOIS.     

What can we learn by studying dead fish fry?

This study investigated the influence of temperature (4, 8 and 12°C) on development and survival of brown trout (Salmo trutta) fry. The three aims of this study were: (a) to propose a typology of malformations; (b) to compare malformation types between live and dead fry and (c) to establish relationships between temperature and malformation occurrences. It was found 20 single malformations and 39 combinations of two or more malformations. Comparison between dead and live fry at different development stages (hatching, emergence and first food intake) showed that malformations of yolk sac were predominant at hatching and then decreased, while malformations of skeleton or multiple malformations were higher thereafter. All dead fry, and only 14% of live fry were malformed. Dead fry were mainly characterized by yolk sac malformations and multiple malformations whatever the temperature. Live fry showed a higher rate of skeleton malformations at 12°C, and the different types of malformations were equally represented at two other temperatures (4 and 8°C). To conclude, it is suggested that some malformations (yolk sac at hatching, yolk sac associated with skeleton malformations at emergence and skeleton at first food intake or combinations of malformations at all stages)might be lethal as they were founding dead fry and that temperature influences differently the occurrence of malformations.     

温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

草地贪夜蛾是新近入侵我国的重大农业害虫,为了弄清其入侵生物学特性,为草地贪夜蛾的监测预警及综合治理提供理论依据,本研究在光照培养箱内设置6个温度(17、22、27、32、37、42℃)饲养草地贪夜蛾,测定其不同阶段的存活率、发育历期、体重及繁殖力等,探究温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在42℃条件下仅能短暂存活,在17～32℃范围内可正常生长发育,其幼虫期、蛹期及世代历期均随着温度的升高而缩短,17℃条件下世代历期和幼虫期分别为(58.73±1.46)d和(21.79±1.03)d,37℃条件下则分别仅为(22.57±0.84)d和(11.12±0.31)d。成虫寿命在17～27℃范围内差异不大,之后随温度升高而缩短,37℃下成虫寿命仅为27℃下的1/4左右,且在该温度下成虫无法正常羽化,雌成虫不产卵。17～32℃下雌成虫产卵前期随温度的升高而缩短,产卵期则随温度升高而有所延长,平均单雌产卵量在27℃下最高,为(565.50±143.40)粒。说明温度升高会导致草地贪夜蛾发育历期缩短,年发生世代数增加,幼虫取食量增大,对作物的为害加重。     

Control of lettuce big-vein disease by application of fungicides and crop covers

One of the economically important diseases of lettuce is lettuce big-vein disease (LBVD), which leads to severe yield losses. LBVD is associated with a complex of two viruses, Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV). These viruses are transmitted by motile zoospores of Olpidium spp. fungi, which persist in the soil for decades through resting spores. In greenhouse and field experiments, this study tested whether changing plant and soil temperatures together with fungicide application would have a significant effect on controlling LBVD in lettuce. Soil fumigation with metam sodium was not effective at controlling the disease, as opposed to treatment with chloropicrin and methyl bromide. Moreover, the fungicides carbendazim and fluazinam were effective in reducing the incidence of Olpidium virulentus. Nevertheless, control of the fungal vector did not seem to be sufficient to control the disease due to the transition ability of the virus under low vector abundance. Crop covers, which affect the favourable environmental conditions for the viruses by lowering soil temperature and raising air temperature, reduced the disease symptoms. Combining fungicides with crop cover had a synergistic effect on reducing disease symptoms, thus providing a sustainable solution for LBVD.     

我国蔬菜作物耐低温性研究进展

低温胁迫是蔬菜生产过程中的主要逆境因子，对蔬菜作物的生长发育、商品产量形成影响极大。本文综述了蔬菜作物耐低温性的遗传模型、生理调节和分子机制，展望了蔬菜作物耐低温性的研究前景。     

Prevention and Controlling Effect of Intercropping on Pests and Diseases and Its Risk Control in Cotton Fields

Cotton is one of the major field crops which are seriously threatened by pests and diseases. In recent years, the ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping has become to be an interesting approach. Intercropping possibly increases the population of natural enemies and finally reduces the population density of pests as a result of changes in ecological structure and environmental conditions of farmland. Intercropping thus has been considered an important alternative in controlling pests and diseases. However, cotton field intercropping also has some limitations in controlling pests and diseases. Unreasonable intercropping system has many risks such as increasing labor input, increasing the difficulty of pests’ control, and aggravating pests and diseases. In this paper, the effects and the underlying mechanisms of cotton intercropping on cotton pests and diseases were reviewed. The possible risks and countermeasures used for ecological control of intercropping were also put forward, and the future and application of ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping were prospected.     

四个猕猴桃品种在南京地区引种栽培表现

猕猴桃果实风味独特，富含维生素C，享有“水果之王”的美称，近年来发展迅速。江苏省气候适合猕猴桃的生长，栽培面积逐年增加，本文对四个猕猴桃优良品种‘青皮红香’、‘早鲜’、‘翠香’和‘晚红’在南京地区的引种栽培表现进行了观测。四个猕猴桃品种果实各具特点，且与其他地区的表现有所差异，‘青皮红香’果皮无毛，红肉，但在南京果肉为绿色，其他果皮品质也不佳；‘早鲜’成熟早，在南京8月中旬即可成熟，耐贮藏，果实重量达到91.03 g，且维生素C含量较高，为82.13 mg/100g，但口味偏酸；‘翠香’果皮易剥落，果肉翠绿，可溶性糖含量（9.56%）和糖酸比（8.25）较高，口味佳；‘晚红’果肉绿，果心周围具红色，可溶性固形物含量高达19.11，但果实较小，为62.92 g。     

旱地燕麦间作对土壤酶活性、微生物含量及产量的影响

本文通过研究内蒙古旱作区禾本科、豆科及茄科间作对土壤生物性状的影响，旨在揭示燕麦（Avena sativa Linn）与不同作物间作及其单作在土壤酶活性、微生物量及土地当量比（LER）等方面的优势机理。本试验设置燕麦、黑豆（Glycinemax（L.）merr）、苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L）单作和黑豆间作燕麦、苜蓿间作燕麦、马铃薯间作燕麦共7个处理，探讨各处理对上述各指标的影响。结果表明：燕麦间作黑豆土地当量比最高，2015年和2016年分别为1.62和1.65。燕麦间作黑豆土壤脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性较苜蓿间作燕麦、马铃薯间作燕麦显著提高了5.00%~51.61%和5.73%~52.29%。2015年和2016年播种后75 d苜蓿间作燕麦土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著高于黑豆间作燕麦，分别提高了29.47%和40.56%。黑豆间作燕麦对比其他两间作处理土壤微生物的生物量碳、氮含量分别显著提高了2.70%~17.89%和11.36%~26.47%，土壤脲酶活性提高了1.51%~55.22%，蔗糖酶活性提高了5.73%~52.29%，是该地区最优的间作模式。     

施肥对复垦土壤微生物代谢功能与苗期玉米生长的影响

利用Biolog-ECO技术、WinRHIZO扫描仪及其图像分析技术，研究了对照CK（施肥量为0）、施复合肥F（施肥量为600 kg·hm^-2）、施有机肥O（施肥量为7 500 kg·hm^-2）、有机无机肥配施OF（施肥量为复合肥300 kg·hm^-2+有机肥3 750 kg·hm^-2）处理下煤矸石复垦区土壤微生物群落代谢功能及苗期玉米根系形态等特征，结果表明：不同施肥处理下煤矸石复垦区土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著，OF处理下土壤微生物多样性Shannon-wiener指数与Simpson指数最高，分别为3.22和0.96， Eveness指数最低，为0.21，而CK处理与之相反，Shannon-wiener指数与Simpson指数最低，分别为3.07和0.95，Eveness指数最高，为0.23；影响该区域土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性的关键碳源包括6种氨基酸（L-精氨酸、L-天冬酰胺酸、L-苯基丙氨酸、L-丝氨酸、L-苏氨酸、甘氨酰-L-谷氨酸)、4种酯（D-半乳糖酸γ内酯、丙酮酸甲酯、吐温40、吐温80）、1种胺（腐胺）、5种酸（D-半乳糖醛酸、2-羟苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、r-羟基丁酸、D-苹果酸）、3种糖（-甲基D-葡萄糖苷、葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐、a-环状糊精）、3种醇（I-赤藻糖醇、D,L-a-甘油、D-甘露醇）；OF处理下玉米根系形态参数如根长、根体积、根系分形维数及玉米生物性状如生物量、茎粗、株高等与CK处理差异最为显著，说明OF处理有利于煤矸石复垦土壤质量的恢复与提高，利于煤矸石复垦区玉米生长。